Safety protocols, logistical planning and scientific research are all woven into the canvas of this space-analogue environment. As on the International Space Station, the crew had to maintain situational awareness at all times, keep track of every piece of equipment and communicate with the ground.

“Astronauts consistently highlight the similarities between cave exploration and spaceflight, including crew interactions, group living in a confined space, equipment management, fatigue and stress”, says Samuel Payler, CAVES deputy course director.

Like in space, the crew follows procedures, navigates unfamiliar terrain, maintains safety margins and makes decisions as a team in a remote and challenging setting. “We keep learning about analogies we never even intended,” adds Samuel.