When spacecraft descend toward the lunar surface, high velocity exhaust plumes from descent engines can erode soil, loft dust and debris, and alter surface properties. These effects pose risks to landers, nearby infrastructure, surface instruments, and astronauts, particularly as space agencies and commercial partners plan repeated operations at fixed lunar sites.

The plume surface interaction tests underway at NASA Langley use advanced facilities to simulate rocket exhaust impingement on granular materials that replicate lunar regolith. By reproducing the pressures, flow characteristics, and thermal conditions expected during landing, researchers can directly observe erosion patterns, particle transport, and crater formation processes.

Data from the experiments will be used to validate and refine computational models that predict plume induced surface effects. Improved models are essential for designing landing systems, selecting safe touchdown zones, and planning surface infrastructure placement for sustained lunar exploration.

The research supports NASA's Artemis program and commercial lunar delivery missions, including landers such as Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost, which are expected to conduct precision landings and operate close to scientific payloads and other surface assets.

As lunar exploration transitions from short visits to longer term surface operations, understanding plume surface interactions becomes increasingly important. Lessons learned from these tests are expected to inform mission design not only for the Moon, but also for future landings on Mars and other airless bodies.

NASA officials said the testing campaign represents a key step toward safer and more predictable planetary landings, helping ensure that future missions can operate reliably in challenging surface environments while minimizing unintended impacts to surrounding hardware and terrain.

Related Links
NASA Langley Research Center
Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com
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